The Irish Declaration Of Independence - 873 Words

The cartoon above is called â€Å"The Irish Declaration of Independence that We Are Familiar With† published in 1883 by Frederick Burr Opper. Opper is regarded as one of the pioneers of American newspaper comic strips, best known for his comic strip Happy Hooligan. His comic characters were featured in magazine gag cartoons, covers, political cartoons and comic strips for six decades. The magazine this cartoon is featured in was called Puck Magazine. Puck Magazine was America’s first successful humor magazine, which is to say it was long-lived (1876-1918), influential, and quite prosperous. It published three large color cartoons in each issue, which for the first ten years or so were all political in nature. Later they were increasingly purely comic or illustrative. At Puck’s height, the cartoons were among the country’s most important political pronouncements of the week. In addition to that, Puck played a critical role in the evolution of American humor , moving the art from its tall-tales and dialect-laden roots toward the more urbane and literary humor associated with magazines like the New Yorker. While this cartoon is based in America the prejudice against Irish natives and immigrants had long been in issue. Over the centuries Ireland has dealt with conquerors, loss of culture, poverty, hunger and political strife. The emerald isle was entirely conquered and colonized by the British in the second part of the sixteenth century. After the colonization Ireland’s inhabitantsShow MoreRelatedCompare/Contrast Thomas Jefferson and Jonathan Swift1434 Words   |  6 Pagesany, do the citizens have to show their dissent, and what form should that dissent take? All of these are questions looking to be answered, with varying degrees of seriousness, by Thomas Jefferson and Thomas Swift. Thomas Jefferson’s A Declaration of Independence may be thought of as a universal symbol of traditional American values, however in it exists several layers of meaning, each appealing to the reader and their sense of social responsibility. While Swift’s A Modest Proposal attempts a similarRead MoreProclamation of the Irish Republic1131 Words   |  5 PagesRAÚL MUÑOZ RODRà GUEZ CORREO - E: irokuoiraul@yahoo.es rmunoz62@alumno.uned.es COMMENTARY TEXT Proclamation of the Irish Republic, 24 April 1916 â€Å"Proclamation of the Irish Republic† was one of the more important aspects in the Easter Rising. It ´s a historic – circumstantial text. In order to maintain secrecy the Proclamation of the Irish Republic was printed out on a hand press a few hours before the Rising. It was produced in two sections and due to the shortage of lettering, theRead MoreJonathan Swift s Modest Proposal1562 Words   |  7 Pagesclearly defined problem and solution compared to George Orwell s â€Å"Shooting an Elephant† and Thomas Jefferson s â€Å"Declaration of Independence†. Point 1: Swift s Modest Proposal effectively uses appropriate and convincing proof to clearly support its claim that imperialism is an ineffective and oppressive ideology that opposes the public good of many. The Declaration of Independence and Shooting an Elephant show minimal proof to support the central theme. Proof 1: In a list of oppressiveRead MoreAmerican Is A Man s Country Is Not A Any Area Of Land1243 Words   |  5 Pagesknow people s backgrounds,what they ve gone through, what they ve had to endure why judge them? It proves the point of we shouldn t judge and yell â€Å"you aren t an American† just because someone is for example, Scottish or Irish. â€Å"Everyone is a mixture of English, Scotch, Irish, Dutch, German, and Swedes, us â€Å"Americans† have risen from this promiscuous breed† (Crevecoeur, page 2). Our â€Å"breed† just didn t pop up one day and go hey we re going to call ourselves Americans. What Crevecoeur is tryingRead MoreJacksonian Democracy750 Words   |  3 Pagesrights, equal opportunity and individual liberties were discouraged. In her 1834 visit to America, british author Harriet Martineau wrote of the nations economy being strong and properous. The absence of poverty and ignorance and independence of every man are some of the observations she recorded (D). The national economy did in fact boom during the 1820s and early 30s. With Samuel Slaters introduction of the Factory System to America, and Eli Whitneys Cotton GinRead More Easter Uprising in Ireland Essay1669 Words   |  7 PagesIreland. Their leaders, such as Patrick Pearse and James Connolly, knew that they were destined to die, but saw the importance of independence, thus the rebellion was inevitable. In the eyes of many the rebellion was a complete failure, with the loss of lives and damage of buildings, but in the eyes of many Irish patriots the rebellion was a complete success as it promoted Irish nationalism and ultimately lead to an independent Ireland. The circumstances that lead to the rebellion are of an intense complexityRead More DBQ 1820s 1830s Essay733 Words   |  3 Pagesconstitutional rights, equal opportunity and individual liberties were discouraged. In her 1834 visit to America, british author Harriet Martineau wrote of the nation’s economy being strong and properous. The absence of poverty and ignorance and independence of every man are some of the observations she recorded (D). The national economy did in fact boom during the 1820s and early 30s. With Samuel Slater’s introduction of the â€Å"Factory System† to America, and Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin, the UnitedRead MoreAmerican Holidays1425 Words   |  6 Pageslast Monday in May Independence – Day July 4 Labor Day - first Monday in September Columbus Day - second Monday in October Veterans Day - November 11 Thanksgiving Day - fourth Thursday in November Christmas Day - December 25 In 1971, the dates of many federal holidays were officially moved to the nearest Monday by then-President Richard Nixon. There are five holidays which are not necessarily celebrated on Mondays: Thanksgiving Day, Veterans Day, New Years Day, Independence Day and Christmas DayRead More Irish Literature And Rebellion Essay1438 Words   |  6 Pages Irish Literature and Rebellion nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;In the heart of every Irishman hides a poet, burning with nationalistic passion for his beloved Emerald Isle. It is this same passion, which for centuries, Great Britain has attempted to snuff out of the Catholics of Ireland with tyrannical policies and the hegemony of the Protestant religion. Catholics were treated like second-class citizens in their native home. Centuries of oppression churned in the hearts of the Irish and came toRead MoreCommonwealth Realm1566 Words   |  7 PagesCanada, the Irish Free State, Newfoundland, and the Union of South Africa. (Ireland permanently left the Commonwealth in 1949, Newfoundland became part of Canada in 1949, and South Africa left in 1961 due to apartheid but rejoined in 1994 as the Republic of South Africa). In 1946, the word British was dropped and the organization became known as simply the Commonwealth of Nations. Australia and New Zealand adopted the Statute in 1942 and 1947, respectively. With Indias independence in 1947, the

The And Parental Authority Questionnaire - 1535 Words

The last study was conducted by Ritter (2005). The participants for this study were drawn from the junior and senior classes of a large suburban high school in the Midwest, with participants ranging between the ages of 16 and 18 (Ritter, 2005). The researcher used the Individual Protective Factors Index (Springer Phillips, 1997) and the Parental Authority Questionnaire (Buri, 1991). The goal was to determine if an association existed between the developments of resiliency and parenting styles utilizing Baumrind’s parenting style typologies, authoritarian, permissive, and authoritative styles of parenting (Ritter, 2005). Results from the study established that authoritative parenting style was associated with high levels of resiliency, while authoritarian and permissive parenting styles were most often associated with low resiliency (Ritter, 2005). Members of the high resiliency group had a stronger sense of self-efficacy and indicated a higher commitment to their educational pursuits. Participants with high resiliency had more confidence, self-esteem, and had more self-control than participants in low resiliency group. Additionally, those in the high resiliency group scored higher in domains such as assertiveness, cooperation, and confidence and exhibited stronger pro-social values (Ritter, 2005). The majority of individuals in the high resiliency group had at least one authoritative parent, and 84% of participants with high resiliency had both parents who wereShow MoreRelatedAlcohol Use And Alcohol1089 Words   |  5 Pagesthat can be drawn from the literature in regards to the relationship betw een parenting style and alcohol use among adolescences. Based on the literature, adolescences seeks to become more independent from their parents. However, at the same time, parental practice have a great impact on adolescences behavior. The literature supports that having a lack of authoritative (positive) parenting behaviors directly increased adolescents’ risk of partaking in alcohol use. We can hypothesis for this paper thatRead MoreLiterature Review- Parenting Styles and Child Development1737 Words   |  7 Pagesidentified through their children who comprised 347 girls from four schools and 334 boys from four schools chosen by cluster random sampling. The Mothers were given a Children’s Behavioral Checklist (CBCL) Questionnaire and a Parent Authority Questionnaire (PAQ). The Parent Authority Questionnaire was designed to measure Baumrind‘s threedimensions: Authoritative, Authoritarian, and Permissive. The Children’s Behavioral Checklist included for ms to evaluate competency, and affective-behavioral problemsRead MoreThe Sampling Technique Used For Students1468 Words   |  6 Pagesmeasure perfectionism and the six dimensions that illustrate the variable (Hibbard Walton, 2014). The six dimensions were concerns over mistakes, personal standards, parental expectations, parental criticism, doubts about actions, and organization. Using quantitative data, participants responded to a Likert-type scale questionnaire ranging from one, meaning that they â€Å"strongly disagree†, to a 5, meaning that they â€Å"strongly agree†. Higher scores† reflect an agreement with a dimension, while â€Å"lowerRead More1. Introduction It cannot be denied that parents play a significant role in all domains of their1700 Words   |  7 Pages1. Introduction It cannot be denied that parents play a significant role in all domains of their offspring’s life. Education as the most vital domain of children’s life which molds their identity needs monitoring. So parental involvement has always been an inseparable part in educational development of children which studies have confirmed its influence on students’ achievement and academic success (Wright Willis, 2004; Desimone, 1999; Domina, 2005). Behaviors of parents can have a profound influenceRead MoreMother Child And Father Child Relationships Essay1163 Words   |  5 PagesMother-Child and Father-Child Relationships â€Å"Parent-Child Relationships, Parental Psychological Control, and Aggression: Maternal and Paternal Relationships† written by Murray, Dwyer, Rubin, Knighton-Wisor and Booth-LaForce (2013) sought to understand the role of paternal and maternal parenting in predicting child developmental outcomes. Specifically, the study focused on the examination of the extent to which quality father-to-child and mother-to-child relationships moderate or lessen the impactRead MoreEssay on Preventing Addiction1567 Words   |  7 Pagesfriendships and communication, relationship between health and addiction, and family. In these themes there were also subthemes. According to the researchers the subthemes of cause of addiction were being free and relaxed, gaining a sense of power and authority, lure of alcohol because it is forbidden and wishing to break the rules, curiosity and wishing to experience new sensations. Subthemes of increases in addiction rates are decrease in addiction onset age, availability of drugs and obtaining themRead MoreAbstract Behavioral Development Is A Crucial Part Of Human1289 Words   |  6 Pagesothers around them. Behavioral development is reliant on on many environmental factors which include one’s parents, siblings, peers, schooling and culture. According to Jacqueline J. Goodnow, these parental factors are often dependent on the culture in which the person was raised. The two parental factors that have a negative effect on a child’s behavioral and psychological development are the parents use of control and rejection. These parenting styles can lead to a child internalizing and externalizingRead MoreThe Importance Of Parents In Education1308 Words   |  6 PagesThe Lower the scores (Less than 60) the more will be the parental acceptance perceived by the offspring. The internal consistency reliability of the PARQ: Mother was .86 and for father was .84. Procedure: Standard data collection procedure was followed in this study where the participants were briefed about the general purpose of the study. At first, the researcher went to the school and took the formal permission to the school authority as well as some teachers who were included in this procedureRead MoreOutline the Similarities and Differences Between Adorno Et Al.’S (1950) and Altemeyer’s (1981) Approach to Authoritarianism1048 Words   |  5 Pagesconcept of authoritarianism. Similarly both bodies of research utilized standardised personality questionnaires as a method to measure beliefs, attitudes and behaviors of the participants. Although the questions in Altemeyer’s Right Wing Authoritarian scale (RWA scale) differed from the Fascism Scale (F-Scale) of Adorno et al, each used a numerical scale against a fixed choice response per questionnaire statement designed to measure particular personality traits. This approach allowed quantitativeRead MoreImmigration Parents Stand As A Newcomer Essay986 Words   |  4 Pagesadministrators to recognize and make use of parent knowledge (Guo, 2012). The provision of supports for low-income families enable parents to care for their children and increases parental employment and income have positive impacts on indicators of child well-being (Shields Behram, 2004). The translanguaging events offer insight into parental involvement in an intimate setting with an attitude that embraces bilingualism amid classro om Standard English language learning constraints (Alvarez, 2014). Parent involvement

What Techniques Does Shakespeare Use to Create Dramatic Tension in This Scene free essay sample

Macbeth is known to be one of Shakespeare’s darkest and also most powerful tragedies written. In Act 3 Scene 4 Macbeth has finally found his way to the throne and throws his first social gathering as king. Macbeth needs this banquet to be nothing other than perfect, and when it ends up being absolutely horrid, Shakespeare incorporates a large sense of dramatic tension into the play that keeps the audience on complete suspense through the imagery, supernatural theme, and the confusion and chaos between Macbeth’s alter egos. One of the most prominent themes in Macbeth is the theme of ambition. Once the weird sisters stick an idea in his mind, Macbeth is so determined to get his way to the throne that he’s willing to do just about anything to get there. Originally a man with morals and integrity learns that he has to compromise his own principles in order to get what he wants. We will write a custom essay sample on What Techniques Does Shakespeare Use to Create Dramatic Tension in This Scene? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This ends up driving him mad, and in a way becomes stuck in an identity crisis. This results in him having many alternate egos, and these are all frequently switched, which adds to the dramatic irony of the scene. The brave, righteous, and noble king Macbeth opens the scene by welcoming his guests to his dinner party. Shortly after, the first murderer enters and he switches from toasting his guests to telling the murder that â€Å"there’s blood upon (his) face† and questioning if Banquo and Fleance are â€Å"dispatch’d. † Once he learns that Fleance has escaped, he sees that his plans have failed and his lack of success bring him unhappiness, guilt and blame. This is shown when he rebuts to Fleance’s escape, â€Å"Then comes my fit again: I had else been perfect; Whole as the marble, founded as the rock. Macbeth shows that he associates his own success, power, and health all together and with perfection. When he’s in control he is sane, but when he feels as he’s starting to lose grip he loses his own sanity and becomes mentally unstable due to his own paranoia. These sudden mood changes in Macbeth show instability and confuse the audience creat ing an unpredictable atmosphere; no one knows what his next move will be. Once he shows a bit of insanity he confuses the audience even more as he begins to hallucinate Banquo’s ghost. Macbeth automatically assumes the ghost is real, and that he again failed his duties. He is so afraid of losing the power that he’s so far gained that he would rather fight â€Å"the rugged Russian bear. † This shows that Macbeth is totally out of his mind and irrational, and creates confusion in Macbeth’s audience in the play and the audience watching. One sees that he’s hallucinating the supernatural, but the audience at his banquet doesn’t. This dramatic irony adds even more to the tension in the scene as one knows that Macbeth is going mad, and the reason as to why, however those in the play do not. Lennox tells Macbeth that he has a place reserved, but questions â€Å"Where? † when he sees Banquo in the place that is meant to be his. The idea of him truly taking over the position that Banquo is meant to have adds to the tension of the play because one sees through Macbeth’s actions and his guilt. In Shakespearean times, not only as the current King James of Scotland very interested in the supernatural but so was the general public. Shakespeare incorporated a large degree of supernatural all throughout Macbeth, which had the effect of really gaining the attention of the audience. This definitely helped add to the dramatic tension in the play, because the supernatural is something that everyone is uncomfortable with and easily can add suspense, and also represents Macbeth’s downfall and how he’s beginning to unravel. Macbeth continually beings to hallucinate, making him fear his own downfall but also begin to feel the repercussions of his actions and how he is about to consequently pay for his actions. The witches corrupt his mind. The supernatural witches create dramatic tension throughout the whole play, and their effects on Macbeth also create dramatic tension as one sees the manipulation that they have on him. One firstly sees the supernatural through Banquo’s ghost through whom one sees guilt and punishment for Macbeth’s actions and failure. Macbeth shows the audience that nature is what is in complete control over the plot, adding to the suspenseful and unpredictable outcome. One can interpret â€Å"Blood will have blood† as Macbeth’s prediction of his own afterlife. Macbeth has compromised his after life for his temporary mortal success, and he begins to see that he’s been challenged with a trade of between his integrity and future. The ghost or â€Å"horrible shadow† represents to one what is real in Macbeth’s life now- darkness. Such foreshadowing events create suspense amongst the audience, who awaits his fait. Shakespeare largely incorporates sensory imagery into his play writing, which heightens the tension in the scene. The fact that this all at a â€Å"banquet† which has connotations of being fancy, proper, and elegant creates complete tension for the audience at the beginning when something that is meant to be so conventional turns into something so chaotic and dramatic. This shows guests that Macbeth isn’t the brave leader that he portrays himself to be, and though power may seem wonderful it sometimes can turn someone mad. The imagery in the scene portrays chaos and what the guests are experiencing much to Macbeth’s dismay. Hallucinations and the fight against nature represent chaos and embellish the idea of tension and a lack of control on Macbeth’s part. Shakespeare tries to emphasize the relationship between humanity and nature through this. One learns through Shakespeare’s imagery and description of nature that one’s fate is beyond control. Shakespeare personifies nature in synchronization with the plot. For example, he says, â€Å"Stones have been known to move and trees to speak. † This not only emphasizes the supernatural, but also shows how nature reacts to the actions of Macbeth, and forebodes the future. As previously stated, nature predicts Macbeth’s downfall and the continual use of blood imagery shows us just that. One sees that his fate begins to spiral down, and Macbeth acknowledges this. He sees that he’s so far in this mess that he has created for himself that its impossible to get out; getting out of the situation he has gotten himself into will be just as difficult as it was getting himself in. This is evident when he says â€Å"I am in blood Stepp’d in so far that should I wade no more, returning as tedious as go o’er. † Macbeth is truly a â€Å"man of blood† due to his traitor characteristics he has developed. Though his actions detach sympathy between the audience and the character, the audience still becomes intrigued by the fate of the tragic hero Macbeth. Shakespeare successfully creates a suspenseful mood for his viewers that adds a lot of tension in the play through his use of the supernatural, the confusion in the audience in regards to Macbeth’s conflicting personality, and the imagery that the audience is left to develop. One learns that not even the most powerful human can control fate; more powerful forces beyond mortality control such a plot, which creates an unpredictable twist to the tragic story of Macbeth. Word Count: 1277 Works Cited: Shakespeare, William, and Roma Gill. Macbeth. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2009. Print.

Self-Introduction Speech Essay Example

Self-Introduction Speech Paper My name is Jeff Thompsom and I am currently a undergraduate pursueing a Associate Degree in History I served in Baghdad, Iraq in 2003 and Kirkuk, Iraq in 2004 I was injured during a mortar attack in Kirkuk and currently am suffering from a leg injury and Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. I awoke up on the morning of November 3, 2004 with the alarm sirens blaring of an impending attack on our base which was a frequent occurrence on a daily basis. I was rushing to the bunkers but never made it in time as several mortars landed in the vicinity of the bunker. I was knocked to the ground, received some shrapnel to my leg as well as an injury to my knee. Can you imagine going through such an experience? I was dazed, confused and not really sure where I was or what had just happened. I was treated at the field hospital but not airlifted out of the combat area. I refused to go as I was not going to leave my fellow brother and sisters in arms. This event is something that will never go away as I feel the pain on a daily basis which resulted in me being diagnosed with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. I still have nightmares of the event, loud noises bother me and I won’t even attend a fireworks display. We will write a custom essay sample on Self-Introduction Speech specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Self-Introduction Speech specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Self-Introduction Speech specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer It’s funny, but when I came home, I felt so out of place, I would go into a Wal-Mart and feel so out of place thinking, these people are living normal lives and have no idea what is happening thousands of miles away. Driving their cars not having to worry if their car would be blown up by an IED. I don’t know myaybe I was just angry for these people to be living normal lives when for 2 years my life was not but about survival on a daily baisis . I even avoided crowds, stayed to myself and what’s even worse if I go to a restaurant I have to face the door as a protective measure for my safety. I have despite my problems with treatment been a lot better than what I was when I came home. I continue to work hard to overcome my fears that someone will hurt me and have come to realize that no one is trying to hurt me. I would encourage you if you know someone that was injured in Iraq or has symptoms of PTSD to please seek treatment through their local VA. Help is available and the stigma of PTSD is not what it use to be and the US government has made great strides in improving their mental heath services and I know it has helped me tremendously.

Carrie Review Essays

Carrie Review Essays Carrie Review Essay Carrie Review Essay The Importance of Respect Carrie is a supernatural thriller film based on the novel Carrie written by Stephen King. The theme of this film is about respect. The main character in this film is Carrie White. She is a shy and quiet girl who does not have many friends. She has telekinesis which enables her to move things by using her mind. Carrie lived with her mother, Margaret White, who was a Christian fanatic that like to abuse her. The other main character is Chris Hargensen, the popular girl who always bullies and abuses Carrie. She hates Carrie for making her banned from the prom. Then there is Sue Snell, Chris ex-friend who takes a pity on Carrie. She helps Carrie to enjoy her prom night by asking her boyfriend to take Carrie to the prom. And there are Tommy Ross, which is Carries prom date, and Miss Collins, a caring gym teacher that is always there for Carrie. I believe that the main message behind the film is that we have to respect each other because nobodys perfect. The quote What you sow is what you reap is robably the best thing that can explain the main message of the film. For all the things that Chris has done to Carrie, Chris finally got her own punishment. Another message that Stephen King is trying to say is related with religion. Stephen King shows his message through Margaret White. Margaret White is a Christian fanatic who abuses Carrie because she believed that Carrie didnt walk in the right track. So she tried to guide Carrie to the right track according to what she thinks is right. In the last scene of the film, the burning house indicates hell. Stephen King wants the audience know that religion cant save you. Even if you are a religious fanatic, your relationship with God is the most important thing. I personally didnt like the film because its so frightening and shocking especially the last part of the film. And moreover, I dont like thriller film. However, the film taught me a good moral lesson. Basically, you get what you give. So Just give some respect to other people and you will get respect from others.

Noël Nouvelet French Christmas Carol

Noà «l Nouvelet French Christmas Carol Noà «l Nouvelet is a traditional French Christmas and New Years carol. The song was long ago translated into English as Sing We Now of Christmas, though the lyrics are somewhat different. The translation given here is the literal translation of the original French Christmas carol. Lyrics and Translation Noà «l Nouvelet Noà «l nouvelet, Noà «l chantons ici,Dà ©votes gens, crions Dieu merci  !New Christmas, Christmas we sing here,Devout people, let us shout our thanks to God!Chorus : Chantons Noà «l pour le Roi nouvelet  ! (bis)Noà «l nouvelet, Noà «l chantons ici  !Chorus:Let us sing Christmas for the new King! (repeat)New Christmas, Christmas we sing here.Lange disait! pasteurs partez dici!En Bethlà ©em trouverez langelet.ChorusThe angel said! Shepherds leave this place!In Bethlehem youll find the little angel.ChorusEn Bethlà ©em, à ©tant tous rà ©unis,Trouvà ¨rent lenfant, Joseph, Marie aussi.ChorusIn Bethlehem, all united,Were found the child, Joseph, and Mary too.ChorusBientà ´t, les Rois, par là ©toile à ©claircis,A Bethlà ©em vinrent une matinà ©e.ChorusSoon, the Kings, by the bright starTo Bethlehem came one morning.ChorusLun partait lor; lautre lencens bem;Là ©table alors au Paradis semblait.ChorusOne brought gold, the other priceless incense;The stable thus seemed like Heaven.Chorus Noà «l Nouvelet  History and Meaning This traditional French carol dates from the late 15th century and the early 16th century. The word nouvelet has the same root as  Noà «l, both stemming from the word for news and newness. Some sources say it was a New Years song. But others point out that the lyrics all speak of the news of the birth of the Christ child in Bethlehem, the announcement by angels to the shepherds in the fields, looking forward to the visit of the Three Kings and the presentation of their gifts to the Holy Family. Everything points to a Christmas carol rather than celebrating the New Year. This carol celebrates all of the figures in the  crà ¨che, the handmade nativity scenes found throughout France, where they are part of the Christmas celebration in homes and in town squares. This song would be sung by families at home and at community gatherings rather than as part of the liturgy in Roman Catholic churches at the time it was written. There are many versions found from those early centuries. It was printed in the  1721 Grande Bible des noà «ls, taunt vieux que nouveaus.  Translations into English and variations in French would all be colored by the denominational differences between Christian faiths and doctrines. The song is in a minor key, in Dorian mode. It shares its first five notes with the hymn,  Ave, Maris Stella Lucens Miseris.  The tune is used in, of course, the English version, Sing We Now of Christmas. But it is also repurposed for the Easter hymn, Now the Green Blade Rises, written in 1928 by John Macleod Cambell Crum. It is used for several translations into English of a hymn based on the writings of Thomas Aquinas, Adoro Te Devote, A Meditation on the Blessed Sacrament. The carol remains popular both in French and in its English variations.

How do international financial institutions manage the change needed Essay

How do international financial institutions manage the change needed after the 2008 financial crisis - Essay Example The main aim of regulation is making the reporting system transparent so that the market participants can have a better idea about the risk that they are undertaking. The above mentioned financial crisis was mainly attributed to insufficient regulation therefore a change in the regulatory framework is needed to avoid this in the future. An important official of the IMF has attributed regulatory failure to guard against excessive risk as the reason of the 2008 financial crisis. However excessive regulation is also one of the reasons that contribute to the financial crisis. As per the Basel II norms the banks have to increase their capital whenever there is an increase in the risk. This adds to the crisis, as the banks reduce their lending for meeting the capital requirements. When the Fed announced the hike in the interest rates the installments were re-set which resulted in widespread delinquencies. Faced by the rising foreclosures the banks had to sell off their assets for maintaini ng the capital requirements. This led to a steep fall in the housing prices. For preventing this crisis in the future various international bodies like IMF demanded strict disclosure and regulatory norms. This procedure requires changing the existing accounting standards and making the disclosure of off-balance sheet risk more effective. The international financial institutions have to play a major role in managing this change. Initially the changes of regulations and disclosures may not be acceptable. Here the international bodies have to play the key role in explaining the significance of the change. This will help in removing the restraining forces and will facilitate in reaching the equilibrium stage. When a change is implemented there are two contrary forces that act simultaneously- driving forces that support and restraining forces that oppose a change. To make the change successful it is important to explain its significance to the people in

Results and discussion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Results and discussion - Essay Example A biofilm structure hinders antibiotic entry to cells, and at the same time, increases oxidative damage, which increases the mutation rate. To show that mutation frequency in response to the antibiotics mupirocin and rifampicin is due to oxidative stress in planktonic and biofilm cultures, Staphylococcal aureus strains SH 1000 and UAMS-1 were grown in media supplemented with hydrogen peroxide and antioxidants. Planktonic cultures that were supplemented with antioxidants did not differ in their mutation frequency. However, the addition of hydrogen peroxide to the growth media significantly increased mutation frequencies under antibiotic selection. The mutation frequencies declined significantly with the addition of antioxidants, together with hydrogen peroxide, to the culture media significantly. Biofilm cultures, that were not treated with oxidising agent, showed high levels of mutation frequencies, equal to that obtained for planktonic culture in hydrogen peroxide alone. In cultures growing in rifampicin selection plates, the bacterial have mutation frequency of 10-5, which was indicative of a mutator phenotype. The increase in mutation frequency indicates defects in the methyl-mismatch repair system during biofilm formation. Similar to planktonic cultures, the addition of antioxidants to the culture media reduced the mutation frequency to levels between 10-7 and 10-8. A bacterial biofilm is a structured community of bacterial cells enclosed within a self-produced extracellular polymeric matrix attached to surface (Costerton, Stewart & Greenberg 1999). Bacterial biofilms are present mostly on wet surfaces and are mostly visible to the naked eye. The biofilms consist of microcolonies on a surface and develop into organized communities with functional heterogeneity. Different bacterial species specifically attach to different surfaces and could aggregate with other species or a combination of species. The organization and structure of

Dadas Contribution to Contemporary Art Essay Example for Free

Dadas Contribution to Contemporary Art Essay This research paper supports my belief that Dada had a far reaching effect on art of the 21st century so much so that contemporary art as we know it could not have come into existence without Dada. Dada Zurich was the catalyst for many other centres of the nihilistic movement. Tristan Tzara was the major force behind the Zurich Dada where he and Francis Picabia produced 8 issues of Dada magazines in both French and German between the years 1917 to 1921. (Dada Anti-Art Movement) Upon the end of the war Switzerlands importance as a neutral refuge educed, resulting in Richard Huelsenbeck, leaving for Berlin while Picabia went to Paris, and when Tzara followed him in 1920 thus ending the Zurich phase of Dada. (Dada Anti-Art Movement) Richard Huelsenbeck was the founding member of Dada Berlin which included members such as; Johannes Baader, George Grosz, Raoul Hausmann, Helmut Herzfelde and Hanna Hoch. (Dada Anti-Art Movement) Dada Berlin was known to be satirical and highly political with targets more and precisely defined than any other Dada movement. Dada Berlin utilized periodicals, including Club Dada and Der Dada, which employed the use of photomontage and typography. The Cologne Dada group was formed in 1918 by Jean Arp and Max Ernst and was known to be less political and more focused on being anti-aesthetic. (Dada Anti-Art Movement) Max Ernst was known for his satirical collage techniques using popular printed material, depicting the weirdly erotic. (Dada The Anti-War Art Movement) In May 1920 Dada Cologne hosted one of the first Dada exhibitions. Held in the courtyard of a public house accessed through a mens bathroom the exhibition was soon closed down by the authorities due to suspected pornographic content but later reopened. IAN CHILVERS Dada) Dada Hannover was formed in 1919 after Kurt Schwitters applied to join the Berlin dadaists but was refused because of his unpolitical attitude. Schwitters possessed a unique dedication to Dada ideas, leading to the production of artwork constructed using urban refuse and found objects (objets trouves). This had a major influence on later movements like Junk Art, Assemblage and Arte Povera. (Dada Anti -Art Movement) Not limited to Europe, the Dada movement also had a New York Centre. Formed by Marcel Duchamp, renowned for reproducing the Mona Lisa with a beard and moustache and signing a urinal proclaiming it to be a fountain, along with Man Ray, a well sought after fashion and portrait photographer, renowned for his photograph Le Violin d`Ingres. (Justin Wolf’s Dada) Dada Paris, which was known for its theatrical and multi-cultural activities, came about when, many of its early founders, such as Jean Arp, Marcel Duchamp, Max Ernst, Man Ray, Francis Picabia and Tristan Tzara went to Paris, where they met with a number of french poets including Louis Aragon and Andre Breton. Dada Paris was later dissolved when Breton, unable to deal with Tzara’s and Picabia’s nihilistic mentality, left to start a new movement. This marked the birth of Surrealism. (Dada Anti-Art Movement) According to Dieter Wanczura, â€Å"Surrealism emphasizes the unconscious, the importance of dreams, and the psychological aspect in arts and became an important movement in the fine arts, literature and in films. † Unlike Dada, Surrealisms emphasis was not on negation but on positive expression. It has a sense of playfulness and impulsiveness that brings fantasy and mystery into art pieces. The most fascinating aspect is that there are so many questions and ideas that surround Surrealism making it a hugely inspiring modern art/contemporary art movement. (Surrealism ; Surrealist artists) Contemporary artist today, challenge, oppression, authority and control that spans economic, social and political concepts. More importantly, contemporary art frequently touches on deep emotional issues that trouble our society. The Dada organization challenged the status quo of society and what is viewed as art making it easier for more artists’ work to be viewed as art because they no longer need to conform to any particular standards or values of society. Due to the Surrealist movement, society has been exposed to the concept that art can be anything the artist visualizes or feels inside. This can sometimes seem odd to the public who does not see its values and heroic stature, resulting in art not being noticed and appreciated by collectors, galleries and museums but judged as a masterpiece by people who share the artist feelings and thoughts.

A Brief History Of The Internet :: essays research papers

A Brief History of the Internet Within our society there has been a revolution, one that rivals that of the Industrial Revolution. The Technological Revolution. At the head of this revolution is the Internet. A place full of information, adventure, and even for some, romance. In our society today everyone has heard of this technological wonder, and many use it on a daily basis, but for some the question still remains†¦ What is the Internet, and where did it come from?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Some thirty years ago, the RAND Corporation, American’s foremost Cold War think-tank, faced a strange strategic problem. How could the US authorities successfully communicate after a nuclear war? Post nuclear America would need a command-and-control network, linked from city to city, state-to-state, and base-to-base. But no matter how thoroughly that network was armored or protected, its switches and wiring would always be vulnerable to the impact of atomic bombs. A nuclear attack would reduce any conceivable network to tatters. And how would the network itself be commanded and controlled? Any central authority, any network central citadel, would be an obvious and immediate target for an enemy missile. RAND mulled over this grim puzzle in deep military secrecy, and arrived at a daring solution. The network would have no central authority. Furthermore, it would be designed from the beginning to operate while in tatters.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The principles were simple, the network itself would be assumed to be unreliable at all times (Krol 11). It would be designed from the get-go to transcend its own unreliability. All the nodes (computers hooked to the network) in the network would be equal in status to all other nodes, each node with its own authority to originate, pass, and receive messages. The messages themselves would be divided into packets, each packet separately addressed. Each packet would begin at some specified source node, and end at some other specified destination node, winding its way through the network on an individual basis (Krol 11). The particular route that the packet took would be unimportant. Only final results would count. Basically, the packet would be tossed like a hot potato from node to node, more or less in the direction of its destination, until it ended up in the proper place. If big pieces of the network had been blown away, that simply wouldn’t matter; the pac kets would still stay air born, lateralled wildly across the network by whatever node happened to survive. A Brief History Of The Internet :: essays research papers A Brief History of the Internet Within our society there has been a revolution, one that rivals that of the Industrial Revolution. The Technological Revolution. At the head of this revolution is the Internet. A place full of information, adventure, and even for some, romance. In our society today everyone has heard of this technological wonder, and many use it on a daily basis, but for some the question still remains†¦ What is the Internet, and where did it come from?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Some thirty years ago, the RAND Corporation, American’s foremost Cold War think-tank, faced a strange strategic problem. How could the US authorities successfully communicate after a nuclear war? Post nuclear America would need a command-and-control network, linked from city to city, state-to-state, and base-to-base. But no matter how thoroughly that network was armored or protected, its switches and wiring would always be vulnerable to the impact of atomic bombs. A nuclear attack would reduce any conceivable network to tatters. And how would the network itself be commanded and controlled? Any central authority, any network central citadel, would be an obvious and immediate target for an enemy missile. RAND mulled over this grim puzzle in deep military secrecy, and arrived at a daring solution. The network would have no central authority. Furthermore, it would be designed from the beginning to operate while in tatters.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The principles were simple, the network itself would be assumed to be unreliable at all times (Krol 11). It would be designed from the get-go to transcend its own unreliability. All the nodes (computers hooked to the network) in the network would be equal in status to all other nodes, each node with its own authority to originate, pass, and receive messages. The messages themselves would be divided into packets, each packet separately addressed. Each packet would begin at some specified source node, and end at some other specified destination node, winding its way through the network on an individual basis (Krol 11). The particular route that the packet took would be unimportant. Only final results would count. Basically, the packet would be tossed like a hot potato from node to node, more or less in the direction of its destination, until it ended up in the proper place. If big pieces of the network had been blown away, that simply wouldn’t matter; the pac kets would still stay air born, lateralled wildly across the network by whatever node happened to survive.

Phy31 Lab

Lab 2 Physics 190 Acceleration â€Å"g† Due to Gravity – Method 2 Introduction Tonight we will measure the acceleration due to gravity again. This time however, we will collect more data and the analysis will be different. We will first fit the data using a second order polynomial. Recall for a mass falling from rest, that 1 (1. 1) y ? a yt 2 2 Suppose a mass falls through n successively greater displacements, each time starting from rest. The displacements can be expressed a 2 y? ? y t? ; ? 1 n ? . (1. 2) 2 Analyzing the Data Data for y? is not linear in time t?. We have two unique ways we can analyze the data.The first is to simply plot the data with vertical displacement on the y-axis and time on the x-axis and perform a 2nd order polynomial curve fit. We can then extract acceleration from the coefficient of the 2nd order term. The second method involves transforming the nonlinear data into a linear form by means of the logarithm from which we can extract accelerati on. We are going to use both methods because it demonstrates the power of mathematics as a data analysis tool. Fitting the Data to a 2nd Order Polynomial Free-fall data is shown in figure 1 and has the form y ? At2 ? Bt ? C (1. 3) Figure 1.Free-fall plot (dots) and 2nd order fit (solid line). If we fit ideal free-fall data to equation (1. 3) we should find that B = 0, C = 0, and A = ay/2. If you look at the polynomial fit equation embedded in figure 1 you will see BWhitecotton Page 1 of 7 Lab 2 Physics 190 that B = -10-13, C = -10-14, and A = -4. 905. So the data is not perfect but essentially both B and C are zero while A = -4. 0905. If you compare the polynomial equation to our kinematic equation†¦ y ? At 2 ? Bt ? C a y ? y t 2 ? vyit ? yi 2 †¦it becomes immediately evident that B corresponds to initial velocity, C the initial position, and A = ay/2.If dropped from rest, initial velocity and position are zero. This all boils down to the fact that fitting a second order p olynomial to free-fall data should provide the acceleration due to gravity directly. Simply plot displacement (yaxis) vs. time (x-axis) and use Excel, Vernier, calculator, or any tool that will perform a polynomial fit of order 2. Then ay = 2A which in the example above gives ay = 2(-4. 905) = -9. 81. Using the Logarithm to Linearize Data and Fit We begin with equation (1. 2), generalize and take absolute value ay m y? ? t? . 2 Vertical in figure Time Equation (1. 4) is plotted as data belowDisplacement vs2. 5 (1. 4) 20 |y(t)| (m) 15 10 5 0 0 0. 5 1 t (sec) 1. 5 2 2. 5 Figure 2. Absolute value of vertical displacement versus freefall time. Taking the log we obtain ? ay ? ?. log ? yn ? ? m log ? tn ? ? log ? ? 2 ? ? ? mXn Y n (1. 5) B Equation (1. 5) has the slope-intercept form of a line. Plotting the log of the data of figure 2, we obtain figure 3. The curve fits a straight line that has the form of Y = mX + B with m = 2. 0108 and B = 0. 6896. BWhitecotton Page 2 of 7 Lab 2 Physics 190 Linearized Data 1. 5 y = 2. 0108x + 0. 6896 R2 = 1 1 0. 5 Log( |y(t)| ) 0 -1. 2 -1 -0. 8 -0. 6 -0. 4 -0. 2 -0. 5 0 0. 2 0. 4 1 -1. 5 Log(t) Figure 2. Linearized data from figure 1 data above. Recalling that B = log(|ay|/2) = 0. 6896, we can solve for the acceleration ay. Inverting we get ay ? 100. 6896 2 ay ? 4. 893 . 2 a y ? 9. 787 Recall that our lab is at latitude ? = 32. 745 °. Therefore the acceleration due to gravity in our lab should have magnitude g? ? 9. 795 . Computing experimental error we find ?a y ? g? g? ? ? 100% ? ?9. 787 ? 9. 795? ?100% ? ?0. 0863% . 9. 795 This is quite respectable but also uncharacteristically low for experiments in our lab. This experiment, if carefully done, can yield 1% error. BWhitecottonPage 3 of 7 Lab 2 Procedure Physics 190 Set up the apparatus as we did last week. See figure 3 below for typical arrangement – this should look familiar. Spherical mass to= 0 s Digital Timer 0. 013s tf = t Figure 3. Setup for the free-fall experim ent. You must complete 3 trials for each of 10 height settings. Use Table 1 to record data. Common Steps ? Set up the apparatus. ? ? Set the ball clamp to the first height y1 = 0. 53 m. ? Place the ball in the mount and measure the exact vertical displacement from the bottom of the ball to the compressed target mat. Please be sure to measure the displacement each time! Record the magnitude of y1 in Table 1 as your first of 3 trials. ? Make sure the timer is set in the correct mode and reset to zero. ? Release the ball and record the time of freefall in Table 1 as well. ? Repeat this procedure until columns |y? | and t? of Table 1 are complete. Polynomial Fit Steps ? Compute the means and record y? and t? of Table 1. ? ? Using your analysis tool of choice, plot y? vs. t? and label the axes appropriately. Fit a 2nd order polynomial to the mean data and instruct the tool to display the fit equation and the R2 value. You may need to omit a few of the lowest values if they are excessive outliers due to ? measurement uncertainty. This is legitimate when we understand equipment limitations. BWhitecotton Page 4 of 7 Lab 2 Physics 190 ? Compute ay from the 2nd order term: ay = _____________ m/s2. Show work here Log Method Steps ? Next, take log (use base 10) of y? and t? and complete the last two columns ? ? of table 1. Plot log( y? ) vs. log( t? ) and once again label the axes appropriately. Fit a 1st order polynomial (linear regression) to the data and instruct the tool to display the fit equation and the R2 value. You may need to omit a few of the lowest values if they are excessive outliers due to ? measurement uncertainty. This is legitimate when we understand equipment limitations. Obtain the y-intercept term B = log(ay/2). Compute ay from the y-intercept: ay = _____________ m/s2. ? ? Show work here Error Analysis Compute percent error for ay with respect to g? in the cases of the Polynomial Fit Method and the Logarithm Linearization Fit Method. Lastly compute th e percent difference between the acceleration values determined from these methods. Questions 1. What are sources of error in this lab? 2. Why is it necessary to use the absolute value of the displacements when computing the log values? . Which of these methods gave the best results and why do you think that is? 4. What does the R2 value indicate when curve fitting to data? BWhitecotton Page 5 of 7 Lab 2 Formal Lab Report Physics 190 I want you to write a formal report on this lab. Follow the guidelines described in the formal report document available on my Cuyamaca homepage. Your focus should be on tabulation of data and the analysis (plotting of both raw and linearized data) including error analysis. Your final results should be emphasized and any error(s) discussed with thoughtful insight.I want original work from each student with name and group name on the first page. Due ____________________ Logarithm Refresher Recall that the logarithm of an argument returns the exponent tha t operated on a base producing the argument. I know it sounds confusing. Let’s take a look. Suppose I had the number 1000. Well, 1000 is the same as 10 3. Here, 10 is the base and 3 is the exponent. If I operate on the value 1000 with the base-10 logarithm (denoted log10) like so, log10(1000), I obtain the result 3 which is the exponent that would operate on base-10 to produce 1000.The operation can be expressed log10 ? 1000 ? ? log10 103 ? 3 ? ? There are many rules for using the logarithm. A few important ones for us are shown in the following examples†¦ log ? k ? r ? ? log( k ) ? log(r ) ? d? log ? ? ? log(d ) ? log(b) . ?b? log c7 ? 7 log(c ) ? ? (See me or refer to the appendix in the back of the text if you need more help on logarithms) BWhitecotton Page 6 of 7 Lab 2 Table 1. Raw and processed data. Setup : Positions 1: Set y ? 0. 53 m trial 1 trial 2 trial 3 mean 2: Set y ? 0. 66 m trial 1 trial 2 trial 3 mean 3: Set y ? 0. 9 m trial 1 trial 2 trial 3 mean 4: Set y ? 0. 92 m trial 1 trial 2 trial 3 mean 5: Set y ? 1. 05 m trial 1 trial 2 trial 3 mean 6: Set y ? 1. 18 m trial 1 trial 2 trial 3 mean 7: Set y ? 1. 31 m trial 1 trial 2 trial 3 mean 8: Set y ? 1. 44 m trial 1 trial 2 trial 3 mean 9: Set y ? 1. 57 m trial 1 trial 2 trial 3 mean 10: Set y ? 1. 70 m trial 1 trial 2 trial 3 mean Physics 190 Raw Data Polynomial Logarithm log( y? t? y? t? y? ) log( t? ) ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Use this table for data collection but make your own table in your report! BWhitecotton Page 7 of 7

Characterization in ‘House of Spirits’ and ‘Perfume’

In the books ‘house of spirits’ and ‘Perfume’ characterization is done by giving extra ordinary abilities to the protagonist. It uses its protagonist ‘Clara’ and ‘Grenouille’ as a medium of describing the people but in ‘house of spirits’ through the eyes of ‘Alba’ and ‘Esteban’ and in ‘Perfume’ through the narrator (third person narration) as he gives the reader two aspects both contrasting each other. ‘Perfume’ a book with sense of smell aided in creating a picture the author ‘Patrick Suskind’ put forth of the character in the book. Patrick has used many adjectives to describe Grenouille’s sense of smell ‘his gift and his sole ambition’ (Patrick, pg. 3) and some other are ‘†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ arrogance, misanthropy, immorality, or more succinctly, wickedness†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ † (Patrick,3) In house of spirits supernatural events make Clara’s character a strange mysterious person she has been called ‘Clara the clairvoyant’ (allende, 92) she has the power to read dreams and know the future she is said to be very organised ‘she was in the habit of writhing down important matters and after words, when she was in mute, she also recorded trivialities†¦ (Allende, 11) Magical realism, a major part of both the books. Allende and Susskind both use magical realism as a major theme and style of the book. Allende has used magical realism as a simple straight forward presentation of strange magical events. The character experiences it and accepts these un believable events with calm rationality. Allende uses foreshadowing as well. ‘ clara predicting the future and repetation by metioning names of people in the book over and over again. Susskind also uses foreshadowing as Grenouille has an unusall sense of smell and that whoever leaves dies the nest day. Susskind starts ‘playing with the readers’ as he keeps on contrasting waht he says about the characters in the book. He first said that Grenouie was important to the people but then he says that he was no one for them, he was not at all wanted in the world and that he again he was important as he created the world’s greatest perfume. Susskind also uses a tongue in cheek method as he laughs at Grenouie from within. He makes the readers also want to laugh. Both the methods tongue in cheek and playing with the readers are related. Susskind has portrait Grenouie in a way which goes against the church. He is insulting Jesus and the bible as well. ‘House of spirits’ and perfume have charatrized the protagonist ‘ clara’ and Grenoiue’ through magical realism and other styles. They are characterized in similar still different ways.

6 Words and Phrases to Banish from Your Vocabulary

6 Words and Phrases to Banish from Your Vocabulary It was my mother who first outlawed certain words from my vocabulary. The ones I remember are â€Å"but,† â€Å"have to† and â€Å"should.† Later in life, I took some courses that added â€Å"try† and â€Å"can’t† to the list (Yoda would approve). Most recently, â€Å"just† joined the ranks of words to avoid. I may have been in the minority ten years ago as someone with hyper-awareness of how certain small words affect our messaging. But more recently, I’ve encountered more people who pay attention to the implications that subtle turns of phrase have on our meaning. Let’s take a look at the impact of each of these words- and at alternative ways to express ourselves. 1. But (Say â€Å"and† or â€Å"while† instead!) If you start paying attention to how often you use the word â€Å"but,† you might be surprised. Often the word is completely unnecessary and what you really mean is â€Å"and†! For instance, one of my writers wrote the following: I wanted to make sure that the client’s profile was succinct but clearly revealed his differentiating qualities. I notice that people frequently default to â€Å"but† in situations like this, where they want to say something was â€Å"short but sweet† or something along those lines. Why say â€Å"but†? Who says that being short implies â€Å"not sweet†? Who says that a profile’s being â€Å"succinct† implies that it doesn’t reveal a client’s differentiating qualities? Instead, how about this: I wanted to make sure that the client’s profile was succinct while clearly revealing his differentiating qualities. In this second sentence, the challenge of creating a profile that includes the client’s differentiating qualities is laid out in a positive light and does not imply a succinct profile could not reveal those qualities. It’s a subtle difference, and a significant one. I was pleased to discover that a Stanford University professor, Bernard Roth, has taken up the cause to substitute â€Å"but† with â€Å"and.† See A Stanford professor says eliminating 2 phrases from you vocabulary can make you more successful. As he explains, When you use the word but, you create a conflict (and sometimes a reason) for yourself that does not really exist. †¦ whereas when you use the word and, your brain gets to consider how it can deal with both parts of the sentence.† Take the following sentence: I want to go to the movies, but I have to study. vs this one: I want to go to the movies, and I have studying to do. Changing â€Å"but† to â€Å"and† trains the brain to come up with win-win solutions, rather than creating a state of victimhood. 2. Have to (Say â€Å"going to† or â€Å"want to† instead) The movie vs. studying example above highlights another phrase that does not serve us: â€Å"Have to.† Professor Roth suggests substituting â€Å"want to.† I like substituting â€Å"going to.† Let’s take a look at the sentence above again, with the word â€Å"and† substituted for â€Å"but†: I want to go to the movies, and I have to study. (This still sounds fairly catastrophic.) What about these options: I want to go to the movies, and nevertheless I am going to study. (Suddenly this person has choice in the matter!) It would probably be pushing it to say â€Å"I want to go to the movies, and I want to study.† That might not be completely honest. But it’s a sentiment to try on. 3. Try (There is no â€Å"try†) There’s a difference between trying something as an experiment (see my above suggestion to try something on or try something out) and saying you’ll try to do something when what you really mean is you don’t think you’ll succeed. Trying is lying. Trying is not doing. I can try all I want to write a blog article every Sunday. That doesn’t get me to writing a blog article every week. It gets me going out with friends on Sunday nights while Im busy â€Å"trying†- and while my blog remains blank. We use the â€Å"try† word when we want to weasel out of things, whether they are commitments to ourselves or others. Saying you’ll â€Å"try† is pretending to say â€Å"yes† when you mean â€Å"probably not.† Stop it. Instead, choose the actions you are willing to take. Say â€Å"I will do x, y and z.† Or say you aren’t going to do it. There is no â€Å"try.† 4. Should (Don’t â€Å"should† on yourself or on others) â€Å"Should† is a close relative to â€Å"have to.† It’s a moral judgment that often leads to a whole lot of trying. Do you think you â€Å"should† go to the doctor? â€Å"Should† go to the gym? â€Å"Should† apologize to someone you love? Or do you think someone in your life â€Å"should† do something and are you telling them so? How’s that working for you? Take this example: You should stop eating so much sugar, honey. You’ll make yourself sick! vs. I want you to eat less sugar, honey. I’m so scared you’ll get sick. (The â€Å"you† in this sentence could be yourself or someone else.) To me, the second version is much more vulnerable and scary to say. It’s less judgmental. If I’m saying it to myself, it’s actually sweet and caring. And although it could produce defensiveness, it’s less likely to do so than the version that takes a moral high ground and tries to control someone’s behavior. Some of us â€Å"should† on ourselves even more than we â€Å"should† on others. Take a look at how you’re putting yourself down with that sentiment, and how you use â€Å"should† to let yourself off the hook instead of committing to something. 5. Can’t (I think I can!) This one is basic. â€Å"Can’t† is a disempowering word that leads to a lot of inaction. Instead of â€Å"can’t,† be curious about how you can. Look for other options than the one or two you are considering. Get coaching. Read The Little Engine That Could for inspiration. Get creative! As a friend and I often say to each other, the only 100% reliable way to reach a goal is not to stop until you accomplish it! And if you choose a different goal along the way, that’s okay too. 6. Just (I called to say â€Å"I love you.†) The word â€Å"just† diminishes what we say after it. Calling to say â€Å"I love you† is a big deal right? Why make it smaller, as the famous song does, with â€Å"just†? I was unaware until about a year ago of how much I qualify my sentences with the word â€Å"just.† Common usages could be â€Å"I just wanted you to know that†¦Ã¢â‚¬  or â€Å"I just feel like†¦Ã¢â‚¬  or â€Å"I just thought†¦Ã¢â‚¬  If you start paying attention, you might be surprised at the frequency of the word â€Å"just† in your vocabulary. See what happens if you delete it. Your communications might become more truthful and riskier. You might start to claim your feelings, opinions and choices in a new way. Did you learn something from this article about your language? Did you try eliminating any of the recommended words? Are there more words that you recommend banishing from our vocabularies? Please share!

Thesis Methodology

Thesis Methodology Thesis Methodology Thesis Methodology Writing style is often context-specific. If a thesis involves a quantitative thesis methodology, it is advisable to find writing that reflects that paradigm, emphasizing statistical accuracy and formal expression, such as 'it was found' or 'the data suggest'. For a more qualitative or phenomenological methodology, writing often reflects a less formal style, with greater use of quotations from subjects or from other sources. You should investigate the language and style used in other theses, articles and research projects in your area; ask your supervisor to give you feedback on your style of thesis writing. Thesis Dissertation Writing Whatever your thesis area is, the thesis should be written in an appropriately formal style. This generally means avoiding slang expressions, contractions and jargon writing a thesis. While the style should be formal and the arguments are likely to be complex, this doesn't mean that the thesis should be verbose or hard to read. A complex argument means that you need to pay more attention to a clear structure and flow of ideas; you must maintain the interest of the reader. It is worth discussing with your supervisor what degree of detail and (abbreviated) jargon is appropriate for the different chapters of your thesis methodology. Some candidates fall into the trap of writing very complex text, trying to convey everything they know, in order to persuade the examiners that they have done a lot of work. This can result in a dense and difficult-to-read thesis, filled with long paragraphs and lengthy sentences, with the result that the reader loses track of the argument. This sort of verbose text is likely to annoy a reader and may even cause them to disagree with your argument. Most research theses involve analysis of complex data and/or issues, drawing on a wide variety of previous research. This naturally produces complexity in both your argument and your analysis. But don't confuse complex arguments with verbosity. Writing thesis chapter should be done in such a way that it can be easily followed and understood. But while simplification in writing is a virtue, over-simplification is not. Again, it comes down to balance - and your thesis supervisor is a good person to advise you on whether you are striking an appropriate balance. Custom Thesis offers you an opportunity to order thesis methodology writing assistance.   We are available 24/7 and we are able to help you with any thesis writing assignment despite of the topic and urgency of delivery.   Feel free to contact us to learn more about our prices and services!

Institution of Learning Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Institution of Learning - Case Study Example Secondly, the fact that Steven is senior in the college, creative, but hates having to write reports or deliver presentation, it might interfere with his contribution to the development and presentation of the project. Third, Erick made certain alteration of some of the wording in the report and added different information, making a number of parts to sound unoriginal without consulting the other two members, thus breaching the spirit of a team (Shepard, 2005). Fourth, Kelly is in an aggressive quest to relocate to Oregon soonest possible to be close to her fiance and intends to switch her career. Perhaps, she was adhering to agency theory that indicates the relationship between motivation and the individual worker’s productivity. It seems the workers are not motivated, thus could not work as a team because the perception from their interaction is that each operates on his/her own (Shepard, 2005). This fact could interfere with the group spirit since she might not be intereste d in the outcome of the project, contrary to the goal of the group initiative. The case also revealed that Steven, Eric and Kelly decided that they could individually self-organize and let each other prepare for the presentation in his/her own fashion. This contravenes the group spirit since they were to agree on all aspects of the project, create a sense of understanding on each of them, on the full report and finally give one of them the opportunity to do the presentation. This would be important because, allowing each person to present in his/her own fashion could give room for manipulation of the content to their personal interest and satisfaction, perhaps not for the Institution (Shepard, 2005). The key Problems in this Case There are certain problems in this case ranging from personal to technological in nature. For example, there tree staff members lack coordination since they do not interact during their duties. To substantiate this claim, the Steven and Kelly could not prep are the ten questions, which they agreed on for the interview, citing their own reason for failing to do so. Steve only had five questions while Kelly did not present questions at all, claiming that the system could not open her document to print the questions. Indeed, this posted a big challenge in executing a group’s project and should be addressed, if the three staff members wanted to succeed in the initiative (Shepard, 2005). Moreover, after deliberation on the project, Erick prepared the final draft and sent a copy to the IT Director and Mark for their review. Surprisingly, he did this without consulting Steven and Kelly for their comment on the final draft. Therefore, the two could not endorse the content of the final draft, subsequently creating a problem during its presentation (Shepard, 2005). As given in the case, Kelly established at least two flaws in the final draft, which did not make sense for her, but had no choice since the final copy had reached the IT Direc tor and Mark who initially did not have any problem with the document. The second problem is time keeping. The case information stated that Steve and Kelly could not report in time for the presentation, despite Erick’s effort to arrive 30 minutes earlier. Kelly’

Report of India Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Report of India - Essay Example India is the country which in the modern days is showing all the signs of the modernism and the liberalism. The industries that the state has contribute to the greater extent to the economy of the sate. However if we go deeper and deeper we see that the problems that the state has are deep rooted and the problems have to be solved as soon as they can be. The report will discuss the main reasons of the failure of the Indian women to make there space in the political scenario. The reasons would be specific enough as far as the failure of the women in the political scenario is concerned. The changes that are being made in the political scenario so that the participation of women in the parliament is increased will be discussed. In addition it will be seen that what are the scopes of the changes and what do the strategies offer. The report will not go into the depth of the governments analysis of the political scenario and the political makeup of the Indian governments. Therefore the report will be restricted to the importance of the women in the political scenario in the state if India and how the changes can be made in that case. The specific areas to discussed inn this report specifically include the ways and the strategies to be designed andimplemenetd to increase the awareness of the women in India and the way to increase there roles in the government formulation. The report focuses the ways in which the women should be encouraged to participate in the political formulation along with the men without thinking that the men are superior to the women. Kulke and Rothermund (2004) discuss that India is the country with the population of around the figure of one billion. It is a big number of the population for the huge country as India. If the statistics are carried out and the numbers are seen than India has the second place in having the greatest number of population, while the greatest population resides in the country of china. India is

Appraisal Form Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Appraisal Form - Assignment Example The sales and marketing, IT and financial departments are the most crucial to the company’s objectives. However, the survey revealed that employees in those departments feel that they are underpaid, overworked, deserve better wages and working hours than they receive now. The organisation has therefore decided to conduct an appraisal to determine the best way forward. The problem is known, now it is time to come up with the solutions. An appraisal would be the best approach to creating a remedy. The appraisal will take place from January 2015 to February 2015. The employees will be informed beforehand prior to the commencement of their holidays, and they will be expected to avail themselves on the start date. Informing the employees beforehand is important in preparing them for the task ahead by informing them on their expected roles in the process and the possible outcomes. Ideally, the appraisal should have been conducted in the month of December 2014, but there is little allowance for preparation by the company and the employees. The appraisal will take place every week between January and February, and will include all the relevant processes and exercises that are intended to make the whole exercise a success. Various processes and sub-processes will guide the exercise from the beginning to the end, and will be conducted based on set guidelines and objectives. Employees from the relevant departments will be expected to be available in all sessions unless they have valid reasons to abstain (Stapczynski, 2014:26). All the employees who abstain because of unavoidable circumstances will join the sessions at later dates and will continue taking part in the process until they complete all the sessions. The appraisal should be conducted by the human resource (HR) department of the organisation, with assistance from other departments

Current And Traditional Approaches To Motivation Business Essay

Current And Traditional Approaches To Motivation Business Essay In this dissertation paper I am going to provide a definition of motivation, describe and explain the differences between current and traditional approaches to motivation and identify and describe all motivation theories including content, process and reinforcement theories. I am going to explore the way motivation influences performance and explore ways in which managers can create a sense of meaning and importance for employees within their working environment. ACKNOWLEGMENTS In this paragraph I have the need to express my deepest gratitude to all the people that in one way or another contributed in the gathering of information and successful completing of this dissertation paper. First of all I would like to thank my tutor please state the name of your tutor, whose constant advising and guiding has offered me wealth of knowledge and support throughout my years of study. I would also like to thank my internship and at the time work supervisor, for showing me that theory can be put into practice and even though there might be difficulties in applying academic theories, results compensate for all the effort that is put in these actions. Last but not least I would like to thank my parents that offered me the opportunity to continue my studies at this academic level and have supported my efforts, both morally and financially, throughout all my years of study. TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION Motivation is not a new managerial or leaders tool. It has been used for years and therefore a number of motivation theories exist, current and traditional ones. However applying motivational theories in practice makes us come across difficulties that have to do with each individual employee. Personality, needs and goals are factors to take under consideration before applying any motivational theory to a group of employees in order to make sure that positive results with derive from this effort. Daily change makes its appearance due to either market switches or technological achievements. Every industry faces changes and in most cases senior employees become outdate and reduce their productivity. Younger and more energetic employees become their managers, leaving them with no other personal goal rather than to wait for their retirement. So companies have come to a point where, what used to be once the most productive part of their manpower stop producing. Even if the new employees fill the gap of the reduced production (or sales) the company still is at loss and that has to be corrected. During this effort to produce a realistic and actual solution to this problem, I came across the strongest limitation I could ever encounter. Motivation, as well as all the factors it involves cannot be observed directly. All theories and their evaluation derive from the final outcome of a persons actions. However our observation of that result makes the steps followed previously seem rational and make sense. But it is not until the final result is measured that we actually know if the method used was the correct one or the most efficient one. So, in order to provide a solution I am going to present the data collected from my research and attempt an analysis that will offer a number of proposed solutions. I can not claim that this paper includes new motivational theories and concepts. However, I believe that it depicts, analyzes and offers solutions to a major problem of out time. The motivation Concept Motivation refers to the forces either within or external to a person that arouse enthusiasm and persistence to pursue a certain course of action. Richard L. Daft, 2006. Every day, from the very morning we wake up, we are involved into actions. We go to school, or to work, we have a certain behavior, but it is very rare for as to question the reason behind, us liking some activities more than others. For instance why do we enjoy one class more, or certain projects at work bring out the best of us. However our behavior is always motivated by something. The following table will help us indentify what hides behind our behavior. Model of Motivation. Source Modified from Games H. Donnely, James L. Gibson, and john M. Ivancevich, Fundamentals of Managemnet, 3rd edition, p. 185, 1978, by Business Publications, Inc. The needs we feel depend on our recent activity. For example, some one who is attenting a dinner event and has just eaten, may not feel hungry but yet wishes to communicate and entertain. On the other hand someone who is just returning from work and had no meal during the day, is hungry and probably has no mood for social interraction until he/ she eats. So, what we want (our goals) depends on our approaches to satisfying our needs. Let us not forget that the approach to satisfying ones need may seem logical to the person involved, but strange to someone who has other needs to fulfill. The next step is to follow a certain behavior that will lead to reaching our goals. This effort might tow different outcomes. One is the goals achievement which gives feedback that the behavior used to satisfy the needs is succesful. However a continious effort with no success will bring frustration, in which case the person involved may either try a new constructive behavior (actually involves new search behavior, goal indentification and goal-directed behavior). If again numerous efforts do not succeed, psychological defense is put to use, meaning that the person involved avoids thinking and feeling of the need even though it is not fully or at all fulfilled. When a goal is achieved a person received a sort of reward, that indicate that the behavior followed was the appropriate one and is to be used again in the future. There are two types of rewards. The instrinsic reward, which derives within the person involved and has do more with the sense of self fulfillment. And the extrinsic reward, which is given by a third person a supervisor or manager and could be a promotion, or bonus. Both types of rewards are important for an employee. Successful managers help their employees reach their intrinsic reward, while offering them extrinsic rewards too. It has been observed that the most innovating and high performance employees are the ones that find reward in the work itself. It is only natural to conclude, enen though studies have also proven it so, that employee motivaton leads to high performance nad increases productivity and profits. motivation approaches There are four motivation approaches and the managers form the way they use motivation and rewards according the motivation approach they choose to follow. The Traditional Approach Frederic W. Taylor was the first who studied employee motivation in order to increase their work efficiency. The rewards of this approach are only financial. The employee is paid more according the to quality and quantity of the work produced. The Human Relations Approach The human resource approach takes a step further that the traditional approach. For the first time employees were studied as people and managers tried to provide rewards that covered social needs as well, which seemed more important that economic rewards. The Human Resource Approach This approach brings the two previous approached to a new level. This theory actually identifies employees as complex human beings that can be motivated in more than one way. According to the human resource approach, working a vital activity for every person. This is the basis of the contemporary approach. The Contemporary Approach Three types of theories dominate the contemporary approach. The content theories point out the employees needs and help managers identify them and fulfill them in the working environment. Process theories are focused on the behavior the employees embrace in order to reach rewards within the work place. The third and final are the reinforcement theories that focus on how employees are going to be trained into a certain type of behavior, within their working environment that will lead them to the desired result and thus the reward as well. Content theories on motivation Understanding what motivates employees is a key aspect of management and can assist in achieving high performance standards and organizational development. Content theories seek to identify what people need at work and additionally how they try to meet these needs. Managers need to understand the variety of needs employees are trying to fulfill and design work in such way as to help them satisfy these needs but at the same time reach organizational goals as well. So, this theory focuses on the needs that drive employees. People have all sorts of needs, at one time or another, from basic needs such as food and clothing to achievement and money rewards. Content theories help identify the needs that act as motivators and make people adopt behaviors that will lead them to fulfill these needs. So, all management has to do is to design jobs that will meet theses needs and promote desired work behaviors. The Hierarchy of Needs Theory Developed by Abraham Maslow, the hierarchy of needs theory may be the most famous theories and identifies that people have multiple needs which are put in hierarchical order. According to Maslow human needs form a pyramid, at the base of the pyramid are most basic human needs, also knows are physiological needs. They involve eating food, drinking water, breathing air. Within a working environment these needs represent salary to ensure survival as well working condition up to sufficient heat and air supply. Just above are the safety needs that represent the needs for a safe and secure environment. Following are the belongingness needs and they include the need of feeling part of a group, having good relations with other co workers and generally being accepted as a team member. Then come the esteem needs that mainly have to do with receiving recognition and positive attention, being appreciated and motivated by receiving praise, promotion and more responsibilities. Last come the self actualization needs that represent the need for self fulfillment. Within an organization self actualization is reached when employees are provided with opportunities for growth, creativity and training. According to Maslow the needs at the base of the pyramid must be met, before the one at the top are satisfied. Once one level of needs is satisfied then the person seeks to fulfill the next in hierarchy level of needs. The ERG Theory The ERG theory is a modification of the needs hierarchy that proposes three categories of need: existence, relatedness and growth. (Richard L. Daft, 2006). This theory was developed by Clayton Alderfer that actually modified Maslows theory. He simplified the needs and set the tree below categories: Existence needs, are the needs of physical well being that include food, water, air, heat, safety and so on. Relatedness needs, are the needs to have relationship with others. Growth needs, are needs that focus mainly on a persons development. This theory also suggest that when an employee fails to fulfill a higher level need, as the need of personal growth, then turns back and focuses on an already fulfilled need, as the need to earn more money. This theory explains why companies are working so hard in order to find ways to show recognition and encourage participation of employees in decision making. The reason is that employees that contribute ideas and feel appreciated feel valued, loyal and motivated. It is also important to note that when an employees idea is actually implemented the positive affect of motivation influences not only the employee involved but the entire work force, that sees hope for their efforts to be recognized and appreciated as well. It is also important to note, at this point that other actions such as offering job flexibility enhance motivation within organizations. Such actions include telecommunicating, flexible hours, and job sharing, enables employees to have more control over their work and responsibility for its organization. Job flexibility is considered an important benefit that makes employees more committed to the company they work for. Additionally companies have tried to make employees feel that there is connectivity between their personal and working life, by trying to add the element of fun in the workplace, making less strict rules and making work something more pleasant and personal. The Two-Factor Theory The two-factor theory was developed by Frederic Herzberg, who after interviewing large number of employees concluded that there are two factors that influence work motivation. The first set of factor is also called hygiene factors. Are the factors that make an employee not satisfied, but not dissatisfied with the working environment. They include work condition, payment and interpersonal relationships. When the hygiene factors are low then the employee is more likely to be dissatisfied. It is important to note that good hygiene factors only remove dissatisfaction, but do not provoke satisfaction. The second set of factors are called motivators. They are mainly focused on the higher level of needs, such as recognition, achievement, personal growth and responsibility. The absence of motivators causes, with good hygiene factors cause neutral feeling towards work. The conclusion of this theory is very interesting. It shows that dissatisfaction and satisfaction for ones work come from totally different factors. So managers need to correctly focus their efforts towards both factors in order to have not only, not dissatisfied employees, but also motivated ones that will increase their performance. Acquired Needs Theory According to David McClelland, some needs people acquire during their lifetime. These needs are not at the basis of Maslows pyramid of needs and people are not born with them, but rather learn to have them. More specifically these needs are: The need for Achievement. The need for Affiliation The need for Power Life experiences are responsible for the acquisition of such needs. After 20 years of study McClelland concluded that people with high needs for achievement are mainly entrepreneurs, while those with high need of affiliation make good coordinators and establish good working relationships. Those with high need of power are most probably the ones to choose paths that will lead them to managerial positions. PRocess theories on motivation Process theories of motivation seek to understand the complex relationship between the many variable that motivation consists of. Managers need to understand what initiates behavior, and how it is directed and sustained. There are two main process theories. The equity and the expectancy theory. Equity Theory The equity theory is the process theory that focuses on individuals perceptions of how fairly they are treated relative to others (Richard l Daft, 2006). J. Stacy Adams, who developed the theory, claims that people are motivated by seeking social equity. If people believe that they are compensated as much as others for a relative equal contribution, then they would feel that they are fairly treated. In order for people to measure equity they use a ration of inputs (that are effort, education, experience and ability) to outputs (that are recognition, payment, promotions and benefits). Equity is achieved when ones persons ration equals anothers persons ratio. Within a working environment that inequity is perceived there is tension and a strive to bring equity back. The methods most commonly used to correct inequity are: Change inputs. For example a person that is overpaid may increase effort while a personal that is underpaid may decrease it. Change outcomes. For example an employee or a union may request a raise or better working conditions in order to equal input with output, relatively to better paid employees. Distort perception In such cases, people artificially believe and make others believe that their job position is more important than it really is, or that someone elses benefits are not so important as they might sound. This brings a delusional balance. Leave the job. For example people that feel that there is no equity will seek another working environment that is more balanced. Expectancy Theory According to the expectancy theory, motivation depend on individuals expectations about their ability to perform tasks and receive desired rewards. It is concerned with the thinking process people use in order to be rewarded. Based on individual effort and performance it involves the following: Whether the effort that will be put into a task will result to the desired performance level. Whether the successful performance will bring the desired outcome. Whether the value of the outcome is highly valued by the employee as well. High expectancy and high valued outcome leads to high motivation, otherwise motivation level is low. So actually this model theory is not concerned with the needs people have and how they act as motivators. It focuses on they way employees think in order to achieve rewards. Since each employee is a personal with different personality, their goals may differ as well and seek to satisfy different needs. This personalization of needs brings implications for management. Since the goal of the management team is to help employees meet their own goals but at the same time meet the companys goals as well, managers need to make sure that personal abilities match the job demands and at the same time that each employee is given the time, equipment and support needed to reach the goals set. The Goal Setting Theory It has been observed that employees seem to be more motivated when specific targets are given to them to achieve. The goal needs to be specific, attainable and accepted by the employees. The last and one of the most important elements of his theory is feedback. Performance feedback is crucial in order to sustain desired work behavior, though motivation. According to Edwin Locke and Gary Latham, who came up with this theory, goal setting increases motivation because it helps employees target their energy and efforts towards one direction. Challenge is another strong motivator, when asked to achieve difficult goals, that drives employees into putting in more effort to reach their goal achievement. Reinforcement theories on motivation The reinforcement theory does not involve approaches according to the needs and ways of thinking of the employees. It is only based on the relationship between behavior and consequences. The law of affect is what rules over this theory. A behavior that is rewarded tends to be repeated when a behavior that is punished tends to be corrected. So a positive reinforcement, is a pleasant rewarding for an employees working behavior and may consist of praise, promotion, more responsibility, work flexibility, social recognition. This tool of reinforcement theory shows that non financial incentives have proven to be as powerful as the financial ones. Another tool is negative reinforcement, that mainly indicates that a negative consequences will stop once the desired behavior is adopted. Punishment is another tool that suggests that an undesirable working behavior suffers consequences, however this tools fails to point out the desired or correct behavior, since it provide only negative input to the employee. The last reinforcement tool is extinction, that involves the withdrawal of positive rewards such as praises, pay raises. Reinforcement Schedules There are five basic types of reinforcement schedules, according to which the timing and frequency of reinforcement have the desired impact on employees. Continuous reinforcement is one method, suggesting that every time the desired behavior occurs it is reinforced. This strategy is especially effective in the early stages of learning desired working behaviors. Partial reinforcement suggests that positive reinforcement occurs only after the repeating the desired behavior several times. Motivational ideas No doubt, we are going through some turbulent times. Organizations seek ways to increase performance and by hiring new, young and highly ambitious employees, that are highly motivated to reach new, increased sales and productivity goals. They are positioned as managers of senior employees with precious experience and know how. So from the one hand we have highly motivated young managers and on the other we have low motivated senior employees. What happens to them is that the seconds lose interest in their job and rather pass their time, until retirement. The loss for the organization is greater than suspected, since the under productive employees, apart from their own productivity, influence the productivity of their entire group or team. Their behavior derives from the lack of motivation. The new, younger and inexperienced employees are put to positions above the seniors, receiving the same or even more payment. This a clear case of inequity, that influences the performance of the once strongest performers are constantly under performing even though they know they still have a lot to offer. A smart manager should try to keep feelings of equity in balance in order to keep the entire workforce motivated. Empowerment Empowering people to meet higher needs is a very good way by which management can provide motivation. In our case of the senior workers empowerment would mean power sharing, and even if new and younger employees were put in managerial positions, authority could be shared with senior employees. This way, the managerial job description would be a little altered, however senior employees would not be hostile towards the junior managers and would try to work together with them as a team. This is also a way for the senior employees to put themselves on the test and check if they could, within the current market conditions, lead their team to successful results. These employees already know the can do a good job and so empowerment at this stage only releases a motivation that already exists. Employee empowerment involve four elements that need to be given to employees in order for them to be able and accomplish their job. Information. Employees receive all information about company performance. Access to the companys financial and operational information gives the feeling of power and importance to the employee. Knowledge. Training programs are put together, made accessible to all employees, making sure that everyone has the knowledge required to contribute to organizational performance but also fulfill the need of personal growth. Power. Employees have the power to make substantive decisions, influencing organization performance, within self directed work teams. Reward. Employees are rewarded based on the companies performance. This kind of reward inspires more team work and acts as a very powerful motivator. Giving Meaning to Work Another way to motivate employees is to help them identify intrinsic rewards from their own work. For example in the case of the senior employees, let them give talk to seminars for new management trainees and to speak and lead sessions at conferences on district managers, helping them fulfill high level esteem and self actualization needs. Mentoring relationships could also be allowed to help towards the same direction. Another way to give meaning to the work for the senior employees could be to put them in groups that keep close communication and make them compete on actual results. Using the above techniques and actions will help senior employees feel respected, valued, important and empowered within the company, shooting their motivation and thus their performance to the sky. conclusion Now that we have closely seen what motivation is and how it is applied it is time to answer the question of how does motivation actually affect performance. Traditional and contemporary motivation theories as analyzed before suggest that there is a strong link between motivation and performance. What we actually need to do is to understand the nature of motivation. An individual employee may question the motivation theory, by simply asking Why should I perform harder?. Is there concrete evidence that motivation is linked to performance? In order to answer this question we need to look to this issue from another perspective. Since motivation and the factors involved in it, cannot be directly observed and it is only the final outcome that can be evaluated, let us observe what happens to performance in the lack of any motivation activity. Taking under consideration the content theories of motivation there are clear hygiene factors, such as working conditions, payment and safety, that if not fulfilled will lead to extremely low performance. Accordingly factors such inequity or rare reinforcement also show a very low performance level. However it is very hard to expect employee behavior to follow a certain pattern and also hard to suggest to what extend a yearly or semi yearly appraisal will ensure that desired working behavior is achieved on a daily basis. The role of the manager nowadays is not to control the workforce but more to establish the environment in which the workforce will learn, contribute and grow. Their role also includes channeling employee motivation toward the accomplishment of organizational goals, by making the best out of each employees unique skills, talents, interests and needs.

Dreams in Harlem by Langston Hughes Essay -- Harlem, Langston Hughes

"Harlem" by Langston Hughes uses similes in everyday life to make sense of what can happen to a deferred dream. There are many different possible outcomes. Harlem has been known, prior to the twentieth century for being an African American community stricken with crime and poverty. Now it is a booming cultural and business center and they are experiencing a social and economic renaissance. The poem mentions in the first line a deferred dream (line 1). A dream that is postponed or delayed, and asks what happens to that dream. There are many things that could become of it, such as it drying up like a raisin in the sun, (lines 2 and 3) as if cramping up to be something dry of the hope and deliciousness it once had. But nevertheless it still exists. It could also mean that the dream is perfected by sitting for a while in a person’s heart like a sun dried raisin is perfected by being in the sun. The deferred dream could fester like a sore (lines 4 and 5) bubbling up in someone’s mind and expanding, then busting and running out. This dream could slowly leak out and then be gone, but ...